The leaders don’t need to exhort their followers directly to violence. In fact, in the last couple decades, most white supremacist and Islamophobic leaders have learned they can conduct a campaign of vilification, scapegoating and demonization without ever directly calling for violence. As Berlet says, “history tells us that if this message is repeated vividly enough, loudly enough, often enough, and long enough – it is only a matter of time before the bodies from the name scapegoated groups start to turn up.” The followers will hear these dramatic claims of impending disaster, and take it upon themselves to be “heroes” – by killing members of the demonized group, and thereby helping to “save” society.